TY - NEWS T1 - The murky world of the agencies that recruit temporary foreign workers CY - Calgary N2 - Chances are the migrant workers building condos in Vancouver, cleaning hotel rooms in Alberta or picking tomatoes in Ontario greenhouses paid fees to come to Canada and work in their low-paying jobs.In some cases, workers are further abused by recruiters who control their money, housing and movements. A1 - Dharssi, Alia Y1 - 2016/// KW - Agencies case of abuse UR - http://calgaryherald.com/news/national/the-murky-world-of-the-agencies-that-recruit-temporary-foreign-workers Y2 - 2016-11-10 JA - Calgary Herald SP - 1 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Hong Kong - Submission to the Legislative Council Panel on Manpower N2 - Between May and October 2012, Amnesty International interviewed 50 Indonesian migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong. In March 2013, further interviews were conducted with 47 returnees in Indonesia who had worked in Hong Kong as domestic workers.1 All of the interviewees were women. The issues raised are not limited to Indonesians, but reflect the problems faced by the wider community of migrant domestic workers irrespective of nationality. Amnesty International’s research demonstrates that placement agencies in Hong Kong employ coercive practices to maintain control over migrant domestic workers (e.g. the confiscation of identity documents, manipulation of debt and restrictions on freedom of movement). In this way, they compel migrant domestic workers to work in conditions where they are exposed to exploitation, forced labour, threats and physical/psychological violence. Hong Kong placement agencies work in close partnership with Indonesian recruitment agencies, but they are separate organizations and come under the jurisdiction of the HKSAR authorities which have a responsibility to monitor and regulate them, and ensure that they are operating in full compliance with the laws in the Hong Kong SAR. The following outlines specific abusive practices, which in combination amount to trafficking and forced labour A1 - Amnesty International, International Secretariat,  Y1 - 2016/// UR - https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/4000/asa170052014en.pdf Y2 - 2016-03-14 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Institutionalized Servitude: The Female Domestic Servant in Lima, Peru CY - Ann Arbor, Michigan PB - Univeristy Microfilms International N2 - The problem of rural-urban migration and the resulting potential for culture change within the society. What is the place of the servant in the Peruvian social structures? How does the servant operate within the context of the family where she is employed? Tow hat extent are provincial-born servants acculturated to the urban scene more rapidly than their fellow-migrants who are not servants and thus are not forced into intimate daily contact with middle and upper class urban ways? To what extent is the occupation of servant an avenue of upward social and/or economic mobility? To what extent do urban servants introduce changes to their families remaining in a rural provincial setting? A1 - Smith, Margo Lane Y1 - 2015/// KW - Servant KW - Urbanization ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Travail Domestique et Exploitation : Le Cas des Travailleuses Domestiques Philippines au Canada (PAFR) N1 - Rapport publié en partenariat avec le Service aux Collectivités de l'Université du Québec à Montréal CY - Laboratoire de recherche sur le droit du travail et le développement PB - Université McGill A1 - Gallerand, Elsa A1 - Gallié, Martin A1 - Ollivier Gobeil, Jeanne Y1 - 2015/01/09/ UR - http://www.mcgill.ca/lldrl/files/lldrl/15.01.09_rapport_fr_vu2.5.11_0.pdf UR - http://www.mcgill.ca/lldrl/files/lldrl/15.01.09_rapport_en_vu1.1.13_0.pdf Y2 - 2015-01-29 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Still enslaved: The migrant domestic workers who are trapped by the immigration rules CY - London, UK PB - Kalayaan, Justice for migrant domestic workers A1 - Kalayaan,  Y1 - 2014/// T3 - Kalayaan, Justice for migrant domestic workers ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Foreign workers won’t be temporary if we make them permanent N2 - They are allowed into Canada to do jobs most Canadians would refuse at rates of pay most Canadians would never stand for, and then they have to leave. They are separated from their families for years. They aren’t allowed to settle, marry, bring their children over, expect a raise or change jobs. They have to live in rooms provided by their employers, and they cannot realistically quit without being forced out of the country. A1 - Saunders, Doug Y1 - 2014/05/01/ UR - http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/the-workers-wont-be-temporary-if-we-make-them-permanent/article18200187/ Y2 - 2014-05-01 JA - The Globe and Mail ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Aides familiales résidentes au Canada : un programme pas toujours avantageux N2 - Majoritairement des femmes, les aides familiales résidantes viennent par milliers chaque année au Québec et au Canada par le biais du Programme des aides familiales résidantes (PAFR). Créé en 1992 par le gouvernement fédéral, le PAFR permet aux ménages canadiens d’embaucher des ressortissants de pays étranger dans le but d’accomplir différentes tâches au sein du foyer. Malgré les réformes pour améliorer leurs conditions de travail, ces travailleuses sont victimes d’abus et se retrouvent fréquemment dans des situations précaires. A1 - Corbeil, Sandrine Y1 - 2014/03/03/ JA - Le journal des alternatives ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Susan McClelland on nannies from the Philippines: Suffer the caregiver A1 - McClelland, Susan Y1 - 2014/01/23/ UR - http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2014/01/24/susan-mcclelland-on-nannies-from-the-philippines-suffer-the-caregiver/ Y2 - 2014-02-07 JA - The National Post ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Immigrant dreams die with deceased nannies N2 - Advocates urge Ottawa to give dependants of dead applicants a chance for permanent status. A1 - Keung, Nicholas Y1 - 2014/01/22/ UR - http://www.thestar.com/news/immigration/2014/01/22/immigrant_dreams_die_with_deceased_nannies.html Y2 - 2014-02-07 JA - The Toronto Star ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Ontario proposes sweeping new law to protect workers CY - thestar.com A1 - Laurie Monsebraaten,  A1 - Keung, Nicholas Y1 - 2013/12/05/ UR - http://www.thestar.com/news/immigration/2013/12/04/proposed_ontario_labour_law_extends_to_foreign_workers.html Y2 - 2013-12-05 JA - Toronto Star ER - TY - ADVS T1 - Canadá: Piden respetar derechos de emplead@s del hogar CY - Youtube PB - HispanTv N2 - En Canadá, la mayoría de las trabajadoras domésticas es migrante y no tiene las mismas condiciones laborales que cualquier otro trabajador. El grupo de HispanTV les recuerda a los seguidores de nuestra página en Youtube de que en el caso de que no se suban nuevos vídeos, en 48 horas, esto significa que el lobby sionista ha bloqueado el acceso de este canal a su cuenta en YouTube. De ser así, haga Clic en el siguiente enlace para obtener nuestra nueva dirección en YouTube: A1 - HispanTv,  Y1 - 2013/11/09/ UR - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2kuVdKOP64 Y2 - 2013-11-27 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Exploited for profit, failed by governments : Indonesian migrant domestic workers trafficked to Hong Kong N1 - **: The inability to find new employment in the two-week time limit leaves migrant domestic workers with little choice but to remain in abusive and/or exploitative conditions or accept jobs with unfavourable work conditions in order to maintain their immigration status. In 2006, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women,370 raised concerns that the Two-Week Rule pushes “foreign domestic workers to accept employment which may have unfair or abusive terms and conditions in order to stay in Hong Kong” ...In addition to increasing migrant domestic worker’s vulnerability to exploitative and abusive working conditions, the Two-Week Rule also significantly impedes their ability to access redress mechanisms in Hong Kong -p.76 CY - London PB - Amnesty International N2 - The workers are not tied to a single employer. However, if they leave their employer, they only have 2 weeks to find another, or else they fall under irregular status, a policy which acts similar to employer bondage. A1 - Amnesty International, International Secretariat,  Y1 - 2013/// KW - Trafficking UR - https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA17/029/2013/en/ Y2 - 2015-11-04 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Pinay on the Prairies N1 - Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Abbreviations Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Gender, Migration, and Feminism 2 Pinay Migration 3 Welcoming Prairies 4 Making Meanings: Identities and Integration 5 Building Bridges: Activism and Community Engagement 6 Vested Transnationalism Conclusion Notes References Index PB - University of British Columbia Press N2 - For many Filipinos, one word -- kumusta, how are you -- is all it takes to forge a connection with a stranger anywhere in the world. In Canada’s prairie provinces, this connection has inspired community building, and created both national and transnational identities for the women who identify as Pinay. This book is the first to look beyond traditional metropolitan hubs of settlement to explore the migration of Filipino women in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. Based on interviews with first-generation immigrant Filipino women and temporary foreign workers, this book explores how the shared experience of migration forms the basis for new identities, communities, transnational ties, and multiple levels of belonging in Canada. It also considers the complex cultural, economic, and political factors that motivate Filipino women to leave their country and family in search of better opportunities in a strange land and the welcome that awaits them in Canada, where multiculturalism plays a large role. A groundbreaking look at the experience of Filipino women in Canada, Bonifacio’s work is simultaneously an exploration of feminism, migration, and diaspora in a global era. Glenda Tibe Bonifacio is an associate professor in the Department of Women and Gender Studies at the University of Lethbridge. She is the editor of Feminism and Migration: Cross-Cultural Engagements and co-editor of Gender, Religion, and Migration: Pathways of Integration. A1 - Bonifacio , Glenda Y1 - 2013/// UR - http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=299174180 Y2 - 2013-10-09 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Gender and Rural Migration: Realities, Conflict and Change N1 - 1. Introduction Glenda Tibe Bonifacio Part I: Contesting Rurality and Belonging 2. Stories of Butterflies in Winterland: In-Migrants’ Representations of Northern Coastal Realities in Norway Mai Camilla Munkejord 3. Reproducing Gendered Rural Relations?: Tensions and Reconciliations in Young Women’s Narratives of Leaving and Returning in Newfoundland, Canada Deatra Walsh 4. Mobility, Diversity, Identity: Challenges of Young Women in Rural Areas in Austria Tatjana Fischer and Gerlind Weber 5. Escaping the Neon Glamour?: Potential Return Migration of Rural Migrants in China Li Yu, Wei Xu, Yu Zhu and Liyue Lin Part II: Women’s Empowerment and Social Relations 6. Empowerment of the Fields: Betabeleras and the Western Nebraska Sugar Industry Tisa M. Anders and Rosa Elia Cobos 7. Migrating Women: Guardians of the Secrets of the Amazon Forest Maria da Conceição Araújo Castro 8. Health, Mobility, Livelihood and Social Change in the Lives of Women in Rural Uzbekistan Zulfiya Tursunova Part III: Sexualities and Mobilities 9. A Family That Prays Together Stays Together?: Social Ties of Rural Sexual Minority Youth in Kentucky Christopher J. Stapel 10. Sea-Change: Gender, Sexualities, Mobility and Home Gordon Waitt 11. "The Lonely Planet": Filipino Temporary Foreign Workers, Housing Arrangements and Sexualities in Rural Alberta Glenda Tibe Bonifacio PB - Routledge N2 - Gender and Rural Migration: Realities, Conflict and Change explores the intersection of gender, migration, and rurality in 21st-century Western and non-Western contexts. In a world where heightened globalization is making borders increasingly porous, rural communities form part of the migration nexus. While rural out-migration is well-documented, the gendered dynamics of rural in-migration - including return rural migration and the connectivity of rural-urban/global-local spaces - are often overlooked. In this collection, well-grounded case studies involving diverse groups of people in rural communities in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Norway, the United States, and Uzbekistan are organized into three themes: contesting rurality and belonging, women’s empowerment and social relations, and sexualities and mobilities. As demonstrated in this anthology, rural areas are contested sites among queer youth, same-sex couples, working women, young mothers, migrant farm workers, temporary foreign workers, in-migrants, and return migrants. The rich expositions of various narratives and statistical data in multidisciplinary perspectives by emerging and established scholars claim gender and rurality as nodal points in contemporary migration discourse. A1 - Bonifacio , Glenda Y1 - 2013/// UR - http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415817387/ Y2 - 2013-10-09 ER - TY - ADVS T1 - First Employment of Live-in Caregivers: does it get better from here? A1 - Hanley, Jill A1 - Jah-Hon Koo,  Y1 - 2013/// ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Foreign workers allegedly paid $3 an hour in Halifax granted reprieve from deportation A1 - Trafford, Erin Y1 - 2013/04/24/ UR - http://globalnews.ca/news/507946/29-foreign-workers-granted-reprieve-from-deportation/ Y2 - 2013-04-29 JA - Global News ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Vulnerable Workers and Precarious Work IS - ISBN: 978-1-926661-56-8 PB - Ontario Law Commission N2 - FOREWORD The Law Commission of Ontario is pleased to release this Final Report on Vulnerable Workers and Precarious Work. This project had its genesis in several proposals for Law Commission projects, including those made at the Creative Symposium in November 2006 (which led to the creation of the Law Commission) as well as suggestions from the Labour and Feminist Legal Analysis Section of the Ontario Bar Association and, particularly from issues raised at the Racialization of Poverty Conference held in April 2008. The LCO’s Board of Governors approved the Project in June 2008. The Final Report is intended to focus on the challenges of insecure, low wage employment facing an increasing number of Ontarians resulting from economic, technological and global influences. We have highlighted major reports and research on the issues and presented 47 Recommendations for change, with a particular emphasis on the Employment Standards Act and the Occupational Health and Safety Act, along with related legislation, regulations, policies, processes, training and education. While the Report pays particular attention to the disproportionate numbers of women, racialized persons and immigrants undertaking precarious work, the Recommendations, if implemented, would benefit all workers in precarious jobs. This Report has been distributed to relevant government ministries and to organizations and individuals with an interest in the issues. The LCO is pleased to contribute this Report to the ongoing body of work on the most effective ways to respond to the needs of vulnerable workers. The Board of Governors approved this Final Report in December 2012. The Board’s approval reflects its members’ collective responsibility to manage and conduct the affairs of the Law Commission, and should not be considered an endorsement by individual members or by the organizations to which they belong or which they represent. A1 - Law Commission of Ontario,  Y1 - 2013/04/03/ UR - http://www.lco-cdo.org/fr Y2 - 2013-04-03 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Ontario Law Commission recommends sweeping changes to protect vulnerable workers N2 - A startling rise in “precarious work” — low-wage temp jobs with no benefits — needs to be addressed, says a report offering 47 recommendations. Y1 - 2013/04/03/ UR - http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/04/03/ontario_law_commission_recommends_sweeping_changes_to_protect_vulnerable_workers.html Y2 - 2013-04-03 JA - The Star ER - TY - EJOUR T1 - Gender Analysis of Migration from Bangladesh N2 - This paper is about the trend of women migration in Bangladesh, wages of women migrants, benefits accruied through migration from Bangladesh, cause of women migration from Bangladesh, Demand of women workers from Bangladesh, vulnerability of women in migration, problems of women migration in Bangladesh, policy measures in women migration in Bangladesh, remittances from women migrants, awareness campaign of women migrant workers, creation of human power facilities, skill training for women in foreign employment: need present perception, issues in gender-sensitiveness of migration and recommendation. A1 - Islam, Md. Nurul Y1 - 2013/// UR - http://www.bmet.org.bd/BMET/resources/Static%20PDF%20and%20DOC/publication/Gender%20Analysis%20of%20Migration.pdf Y2 - 2013-02-19 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Saudi Arabia's treatment of foreign workers under fire after beheading of Sri Lankan maid CY - UK PB - The Guardian Y1 - 2013/01/13/ KW - Saudi Arabia KW - Maids KW - Death Sentence UR - http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/13/saudi-arabia-treatment-foreign-workers Y2 - 2013-04-28 JA - The Guardian ER - TY - NEWS T1 - ILO issues service directory for migrant workers CY - BEIRUT, Lebanon PB - The Daily Star Y1 - 2012/11/28/ KW - Domestic Workers KW - Claim Rights UR - http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Nov-28/196361-ilo-issues-service-directory-for-migrant-workers.ashx#axzz2RvvRtXeC Y2 - 2013-04-30 JA - The Daily Star SP - 4 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Bahrain: Abuse of Migrant Workers Despite Reforms PB - Human Rights Watch Y1 - 2012/10/01/ KW - Bahrain KW - South Asian Migrant workers KW - Exploitation condition T3 - Urgent Need to Enforce Labor Laws, Provide Redress ER - TY - CASE T1 - Leys v Likhanga, 2012 CanLII 29267 (ON LRB) A2 - 2012 CanLII 29267 (ON LRB) PB - ONTARIO LABOUR RELATIONS BOARD A1 - ONTARIO LABOUR RELATIONS BOARD,  Y1 - 2012/05/29/ UR - http://unik.caij.qc.ca/default.aspx?&unikid=en/on/onlrb/doc/2012/2012canlii29267/2012canlii29267 Y2 - 2014-05-29 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Foreign nationals working temporarily in Canada N1 - Statistiques. Graphiques. Données sur nombre de travailleurs temporaires. IS - Component of Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-X CY - Ottawa PB - Statistics Canada A1 - Statistics Canada,  Y1 - 2012/// T3 - Canadian Social Trends ER - TY - ADVS T1 - The Bigger Picture - Disposable labour PB - GlobalNews N2 - Thousands of foreign workers come here each year for low paid, low skill jobs that most Canadians don’t want – and they’re happy to get them. But as 16x9 discovered – many of those workers say they’ve been ripped off and exploited. Read it on Global News: Disposable labour - 16x9 - Videos | Global News A1 - GlobalNews,  Y1 - 2012/05/01/ UR - http://www.globalnews.ca/video/disposable+labour/video.html?v=2228323126#video UR - http://www.globalnews.ca/video/index.html?v=w9utwyzJOBfy4KM4sZY1CnxrgQqbychN#video Y2 - 2012-05-15 ER - TY - PAMP T1 - Travailleurs migrants au Canada: Main-d'oeuvre bon marché facilement abusée PB - Conseil Canadien pour les réfugiés N2 - Frais de recrutement exorbitants, heures supplémentaires imposées et non rémunérées, conditions de travail dangereuses, piètres conditions de vie... Ce ne sont là que quelques exemples des nombreux abus subis par des travailleurs migrants au Canada. Ce document de quatre pages peut être utilisé aux fins de sensibilisation et éducation publique A1 - Conseil canadien pour les réfugiés,  Y1 - 2012/04/01/ UR - http://ccrweb.ca/files/travailleursmigrants4pages.pdf Y2 - 2012-04-14 ER - TY - EJOUR T1 - Cambodian Domestic Workers in Malaysia: Challenges in Labor Migration Policy and Potential Mechanisms for Protection CY - Phnom Penh, Cambodia N2 - This paper will look at the challenges facing young Cambodian women who migrate to Malaysia as domestic workers. Section I will discuss the causes leading to the labor shortage in Malaysia and the difficulties in regulating this particular informal sector. The recruitment agency system for Cambodians is also detailed as well as the current working conditions for Cambodians in Malaysia. Section II will look at current legal mechanisms in place for workers, covering the domestic laws of Cambodia and Malaysia as well as international covenants, including a detailed analysis of the brand new Convention on Domestic Workers, adopted in June of 2011. Section III provides a case study of the Philippines where government regulation of the labor migration system has led to increases in remittances, worker protection and higher remuneration. Section IV concludes with recommendations for strengthening the labor migration system for Cambodians working in Malaysia. A1 - Léone, Elizabeth A. Y1 - 2012/01/15/ KW - Domestic Workers KW - Malaysia KW - Cambodia UR - http://usfca.edu/law/docs/cambodianworkers/ Y2 - 2013-04-20 ER - TY - THES T1 - LIVING ON THE EDGE: ADDRESSING EMPLOYMENT GAPS FOR TEMPORARY MIGRANT WORKERS UNDER THE LIVE-IN CAREGIVER PROGRAM CY - Montreal PB - McGill University N2 - This study evaluates unemployment gaps experienced by participants under Canada’s Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP) – a program which allows foreign nationals to enter Canada as temporary residents and, if they complete the program requirements, allows them to apply for permanent residence from within Canada. Using data collected from legal files of a Vancouver based community organisation this study examines why some LCP workers experience longer employment gaps than others and what can be done to reduce these gaps. Policy alternatives are drawn from regression analysis and literature from other jurisdictions. To reduce the lengthiest of gaps this study recommends work permits be extended from one to four years. This recommendation is supplemented with additional programming and evaluation options. A1 - Cheung, Leslie Y1 - 2011/// VL - M.SW. T2 - Social Work SP - 86 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Canada destination for Philippines human trafficking ring: Report N2 - A suspected human smuggling ring that would have brought several dozen Filipinos to Quebec was broken last week, according to a Philippines news site. Jennifer Bacus was arrested after police rescued 25 people in Davao City who had been promised jobs as bellboys, housekeepers and hotel receptionists. A1 - Justicia for Migrant Workers,  Y1 - 2011/06/22/ UR - http://j4mw.tumblr.com/post/6784937654 UR - http://www.allvoices.com/news/9459082-canada-destination-for-philippines-human-trafficking-ring-report Y2 - 2011-06-28 ER - TY - EJOUR T1 - Social Protection for Migrant Domestic Workers in Cambodia: A Case Study PB - The Global Network Solidar N2 - The goal of this case study is twofold. First, this research aims to provide an understanding of the many difficulties migrant workers face. Second, this report seeks to examine the path to overcoming the previously stated challenges. The first chapter explores social protections in Cambodia. After a broad examination of social protections in Cambodia the focus is narrowed to those social protections affecting migrant workers. The subsequent chapter looks at the story of a woman named Vann Sinoun who was a Cambodian migrant worker. Vann Sinoun’s story illustrates in a very human way the hardships migrant workers face. The final chapter looks at the different advocacy strategies undertaken on behalf of migrant workers. The study concludes with a brief discussion of the steps that need to be undertaken to ensure social protections for Cambodians. Y1 - 2010/// KW - Domestic Workers KW - Cambodia UR - http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/download/8797/7980 Y2 - 2013-05-01 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Les travailleurs étrangers temporaires et les travailleurs sans statut légal : rapport du Comité permanent de la citoyenneté et de l'immigration N1 - président, David Tilson. Rapport du Comité permanent de la citoyenneté et de l'immigration Temporary foreign workers and non-status workers 28 cm. "40e législature, 2e session". Diffusé par le Programme des services de dépôt du gouvernement du Canada. CY - Ottawa PB - Comité permanent de la citoyenneté et de l'immigration N2 - Au cours de la deuxième session de la 39e législature, le Comité a parcouru le Canada du 31 mars au 17 avril pour entendre des témoignages sur les travailleurs étrangers temporaires et les travailleurs sans statut légal (ou sans papiers1) et sur deux autres sujets. Durant une période de trois semaines, il a reçu une bonne centaine de mémoires (voir l’annexe B) et entendu plusieurs dizaines de témoins (voir l’annexe A) dans les 12 villes où il s’est arrêté : Vancouver, Edmonton, Moosejaw, Winnipeg, Kitchener- Waterloo, Scarborough, Toronto, Dorval, Québec, Fredericton, Halifax et St. John’s. Le Comité actuel a cru qu’il était important de terminer ce travail pendant la 40e législature. Les travailleurs étrangers temporaires et les travailleurs sans statut légal ont des parcours d’entrée au Canada qui sont différents, des statuts différents et des perspectives différentes de participation économique et sociale à la vie canadienne. Cependant, ils ont en commun leur statut non permanent et leur vulnérabilité à l’exploitation, ils viennent combler les mêmes pénuries de main-d’oeuvre et ont les mêmes difficultés à obtenir leur résidence permanente. La partie I du présent rapport s’attache aux programmes canadiens d’immigration destinés aux travailleurs étrangers temporaires. Elle met en lumière la situation actuelle et la vision pour l’avenir, les possibilités de transition du statut de travailleur temporaire à celui de résident permanent et divers aspects des programmes eux-mêmes, à savoir leurs composantes administratives, la protection des travailleurs et l’expérience des travailleurs. La partie II porte sur les travailleurs sans statut légal, terme adopté par le Comité au cours de son étude. Elle propose des moyens d’enrayer la croissance de la population de travailleurs sans statut légal. A1 - Canada. Parlement. Chambre des communes. Comité permanent de la citoyenneté et de l'immigration.,  Y1 - 2009/// T3 - 40e législation, 2e session ER - TY - RPRT T1 - The New Bonded Labour? The impact of proposed changes to the UK immigration system on migrant domestic workers N1 - ***: Nonetheless, the rights to leave an employer, renew a visa, settle in the country, and access a full range of employment rights and health care are vital for the migrants’ well-being. Under the new system, these immigration and employment rights will completely disappear, leaving MDWs without any protection against abuse. Not being able to change employers translates into an increased number of cases of abuse and exploitation, as MDWs will be trapped in one household. Leaving that household will make them illegal, a powerful tool of control for employers. Illegality among MDWs will grow, as more and more workers will end up staying longer than the six months allowed by their visa. This will be through no fault of their own....The new system will increase the risk of trafficking, as it will allow employers to recruit MDWs abroad for purposes of forced labour in the UK. This will occur without the existence of any protection for workers or punishment for employers...The proposals to remove the rights of MDWs contradict the government’s current commitments to protect victims of trafficking and work towards ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. Arguably, it will also result in the contravention of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with respect to the rights to safety, to not be enslaved, to not be treated in a degrading manner, to an adequate standard of living, and to equal access to protection in law. -p.6 They will be unable to change employer, and may lose access to employment rights. The main consequence will be increased vulnerability due to being trapped in the household with no possibility of leaving...Anti-Slavery International recommends in Trafficking for Forced Labour: UK Country Report that the proposals are dropped. It states that the proposals would contribute to MDWs being trafficked; that ‘the impact of trafficking in human beings needs to be assessed as an essential part of changes in migration policies’; and that legal channels by which workers migrate should be ‘seen as a tool to prevent trafficking’.29 The House of Lords and House of Commons Joint Committee on Human Rights recommend in their report on human trafficking that the proposed changes would mean that ‘domestic workers who are trying to flee a violent employer would be less likely to do so, and less likely to approach public authorities for help or to report their abuse’. -p.25 Once MDWs are forbidden to change employer legally, they will become even more vulnerable to exploitation. Whenever an abusive employment situation occurs and MDWs leave their employers, they will become 'illegal'. They will therefore be susceptible to further abuse by other, unscrupulous, employers who may take advantage of a worker's irregular immigration status. Immigration status will revert to being a tool used by employers to control MDWs, as it was before the previous change in legislation in 1998. Moreover, the underlying problem will remain that MDWs will lack information regarding the conditions of the visa, in much the same way as they do now. But the consequences will be much worse, because conditions under the new legislation will be much stricter. Considering that even now, domestic workers who do not know they are allowed to leave their employers still do so, because their conditions of work and pay are unbearable, it seems unlikely that they would not do the same under the new legislation, with the difference being that doing this will result in their illegality...Ultimately, preventing domestic workers from accessing the right to change employer and renew their visa would increase the risk of domestic workers being trafficked. -p. 26 Therefore, the proposed legislation would allow employers to do exactly what is described above: recruit persons by means of the use of coercion and of a position of vulnerability, for the purpose of exploitation in terms of forced labour. The new immigration provisions for domestic workers would make it virtually impossible to prevent forced labour from occurring, and may indeed even encourage it: it would be left unpunished. As such, the new legislation is in direct contravention to the Home Office stated policy on trafficking. -p. 27 By not allowing MDWs to legally change their employer, abuse will continue to go unpunished. Employers will be able to mistreat MDWs and keep them in conditions akin to slavery, without the risk of the migrant running away and reporting them to the competent authorities. ...Under the new legislation, MDWs would lose all protection from being mistreated and abused -p. 31 PB - OXFAM, KALAYAAN N2 - The UK wanted to revert to old laws, that of domestic workers being tied to their employer. OXFAM and KALAYAAN (Justice for migrant domestic workers) assess the implications of such changes A1 - OXFAM,  A1 - KALAYAAN,  Y1 - 2008/// UR - http://www.kalayaan.org.uk/documents/Kalayaan%20Oxfam%20report.pdf Y2 - 2015-11-04 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Temporary Employment and Social Inequality in Canada: Exploring Intersections of Gender, Race and Immigration Status IS - 1 N2 - Using data from the 2002–2004 waves of Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, this article investigates the consequences of different types of temporary employment—fixed-term or contract, casual, agency and seasonal employment—for differently situated workers in Canada. Attention to intersecting social locations of gender, race and immigrant status helps capture the complex implications of temporary work for inequality. In particular, it highlights the salience of gender relations in shaping workers’ experience of insecurity in different types of temporary employment. A1 - Vosko, Leah F A1 - Fuller, Sylvia Y1 - 2008/// UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-007-9201-8 Y2 - 2014-04-21 JA - Social Indicators Research VL - 88 SP - 20 M2 - 20 SP - 20 ER - TY - CPAPER T1 - Deskilling across the Generations: Reunification among Transnational Filipino Families in Vancouver A1 - Philippine Women Centre - BC,  A1 - Pratt, Geraldine Y1 - 2008/// UR - http://canada.metropolis.net/pdfs/pratt_wkPpr_familyreunification_e.pdf Y2 - 2014-04-20 T2 - Metropolis ER - TY - THES T1 - Picking Up the Pieces: Examining the Long Term Effects of Family Separation on Pinay Migrant Mothers and Adult Daughters CY - Ottawa PB - University of Toronto N2 - The Philippines is considered one of the largest organized exporters of human labour in the world. Currently, the outflow of migrant workers from the Philippines to over 190 countries across the globe has left over nine million children without parents. This means that over nine million children have personally experienced the trauma of family separation. To understand the devastating long-term consequences of separation on Filipino families, I take as my case study three Pinay mothers who have migrated to Canada under the Foreign Domestic Movement and their adult daughters. The key purpose of this thesis is to open up a deeper discussion around family separation and reunification amongst Pinays who have settled in Canada. It is intended to push the boundaries of what we may already know or think we know about Filipina women in Canada, thereby establishing a more nuanced and heterogeneous understanding of Pinay lives. A1 - De Leon, Conely Y1 - 2008/// UR - http://books.google.com/books/about/Picking_up_the_pieces_Examining_the_long.html?id=s1Mu5QaGLoUC Y2 - 2011-08-04 T2 - Social Sciences ER - TY - MGZN T1 - Opportunité ou Oppression? Un témoignage sur le Programme des aides familiales résidantes IS - Solidarité sans frontières A1 - Solidarity Across Borders,  Y1 - 2007/// JA - Justice et dignité ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Rural migrant workers in urban China: living a marginalised life N2 - The rural migrant worker population in China is attracting more and more attention because of its magnitude and potential economic and social impact on Chinese society. While literature abounds in describing the demographic trends and economic impacts of rural to urban migration, very few articles have been written about the psychosocial impacts of migration on the lives of rural migrant workers in urban China. Drawing on the concept of marginalisation, this article describes the nature and characteristics of marginalised living experienced by migrant workers. More importantly, it examines the underlying policy issues contributing to such marginalised living. It is argued that the Hukou system (household registration system), the process of decentralisation and the obscure role of trade unions have contributed to the experience of marginalisation of rural migrant workers in urban cities in China. Implications for policy changes are also discussed. [References: 35] A1 - Wong, D. F. K. A1 - Ying Li, Chiang A1 - Xue Song, He Y1 - 2007/// UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2007.00475.x/asset/j.1468-2397.2007.00475.x.pdf?v=1&t=hn3nee4g&s=a8de58afb6d77939e3a6aef008765f2b38f86906 Y2 - 2011-05-27 JA - International Journal of Social Welfare VL - 16 SP - 32 M2 - 32 SP - 32-40 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Labor Migration, Remittances and Household Income: A Comparison between Filipino and Filipina Overseas Workers IS - 1 N2 - The major purpose of the research is to examine gender differences in patterns of labor market activity, economic behavior & economic outcomes among labor migrants. While focusing on Filipina & Filipino overseas workers, the article addresses the following questions: whether & to what extent earnings & remittances of overseas workers differ by gender; & whether & to what extent the gender of overseas workers differentially affects household income in the Philippines. Data for the analysis were obtained from the Survey of Households & Children of Overseas Workers (a representative sample of households drawn in 1999-2000 from four major "labor sending" areas in the Philippines). The analysis focuses on 1,128 households with overseas workers. The findings reveal that men & women are likely to take different jobs & to migrate to different destinations. The analysis also reveals that many more women were unemployed prior to migration & that the earnings of women are, on average, lower than those of men, even after controlling for variations in occupational distributions, country of destination, & sociodemographic attributes. Contrary to popular belief, men send more money back home than do women, even when taking into consideration earnings differentials between the genders. Further analysis demonstrates that income of households with men working overseas is significantly higher than income of households with women working overseas & that this difference can be fully attributed to the earnings disparities & to differences in amount of remittances sent home by overseas workers. The results suggest that gender inequality in the global economy has significant consequences for economic inequality among households in the local economy. The findings & their meaning are evaluated & discussed in light of the household theory of labor migration. 5 Tables, 52 References. Adapted from the source document. A1 - Semyonov, Moshe A1 - Gorodzeisky, Anastasia Y1 - 2005/// UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00255.x/abstract Y2 - 2011-05-27 JA - International Migration Review VL - 39 SP - 45 M2 - 45 SP - 45-68 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Caring about Care Workers: Organizing in the Female Shadow of Globalization IS - 1-2 N2 - Despite being rendered invisible by contemporary mainstream accounts of globalization, & historically, by the mainstream labour movement, reproductive care workers in the female shadow of globalization are claiming visibility through a groundswell of global organizing. In an analysis of the contemporary organizing efforts of migrant domestic workers, the article argues that the recent proliferation of care worker organizing is characterized by a bifurcated structure of representation in which an association model that involves primarily non-union-based labour organizing competes with a union model that seeks to overcome organized labour's historical failure to represent the sector. In this bipolar landscape of migrant domestic worker organizing, the article suggests that effective worker-controlled representation is not always achieved by the mere fact of organization, & that the union-based labour movement would benefit from recognition of the significance of gendered care work under globalization. References. Adapted from the source document. A1 - Ally, Shireen Y1 - 2005/// KW - Union KW - labor UR - http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/21736201/caring-about-care-workers-organizing-female-shadow-globalization Y2 - 2011-05-27 JA - LABOUR Capital and Society/TRAVAIL Capital et Societe VL - 38 SP - 184 M2 - 184 SP - 184 et s ER - TY - RPRT T1 - "Bad Dreams:" Exploitation and Abuse of Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia IS - E1605 PB - Human Rights Watch N2 - "It was like a bad dream" is the way one migrant worker from the Philippines summed up his experiences in Saudi Arabia. Another worker, from Bangladesh, told us: "I slept many nights beside the road and spent many days without food. It was a painful life. I could not explain that life." A woman in a village in India, whose son was beheaded following a secret trial, could only say this: "We have no more tears, our tears have all dried up." She deferred to her husband to provide the account of their son's imprisonment and execution in Jeddah. It is undeniable that many foreigners employed in the kingdom, in jobs from the most menial to the highest skilled, have returned home with no complaints. But for the women and men who were subjected to abysmal and exploitative working conditions, sexual violence, and human rights abuses in the criminal justice system, Saudi Arabia represented a personal nightmare. In 1962, then-King Faisal abolished slavery in Saudi Arabia by royal decree. Over forty years later, migrant workers in the purportedly modern society that the kingdom has become continue to suffer extreme forms of labor exploitation that sometimes rise to slavery-like conditions. Their lives are further complicated by deeply rooted gender, religious, and racial discrimination. This provides the foundation for prejudicial public policy and government regulations, shameful practices of private employers, and unfair legal proceedings that yield judicial sentences of the death penalty. The overwhelming majority of the men and women who face these realities in Saudi Arabia are low-paid workers from Asia, Africa, and countries in the Middle East. This report gives voice to some of their stories. It is based on information gathered from migrant workers and their families in mud brick houses off dirt roads in tropical agricultural areas of southwest India, in apartments in densely packed neighborhoods of metropolitan Manila, and in simple dwellings in rural villages of Bangladesh. The victims include skilled and unskilled workers; Muslims, Hindus, and Christians; young adults traveling outside their home countries for the first time; and married men, and single and divorced women, with children to support. In Saudi Arabia, these workers delivered dairy products, cleaned government hospitals, repaired water pipes, collected garbage, and poured concrete. Some of them baked bread and worked in restaurants; others were butchers, barbers, carpenters, and plumbers. Women migrants cleaned, cooked, cared for children, worked in beauty salons, and sewed custom-made dresses and gowns. Unemployed or underemployed in their countries of origin, and often impoverished, these men and women sought only the opportunity to earn wages and thus improve the economic situation for themselves and their families. This report is the first comprehensive examination of the variety of human rights abuses that foreign workers experience in Saudi Arabia. The voices of these migrants provide a window into a country whose hereditary, unelected rulers continue to choose secrecy over transparency at the expense of justice. The stories in this report illustrate why so many migrant workers, including Muslims, return to their home countries deeply aggrieved by the lack of equality and due process of law in the kingdom. In an important sense, this report is an indictment of unscrupulous private employers and sponsors as well as Saudi authorities, including interior ministry interrogators and shari'a court judges, who operate without respect for the rule of law and the inherent dignity of all men and women, irrespective of gender, race, and religion. Some of the most frightening and troubling findings of the report concern mistreatment of women migrant workers, both in the workplace and in Saudi prisons. The report also provides an intimate view of the workings of Saudi Arabia's criminal justice system, through the eyes of migrant workers with first-hand experience of its significant flaws. And it is the families and friends of migrants who were beheaded, pursuant to judicial rulings, who describe how Saudi authorities kept them and consular officials in the dark until well after the executions were carried out. The mortal remains of these victims were not returned to their families, who until now have no information about what happened to the bodies. Labor Exploitation Each chapter of this report includes testimonies from migrant workers who entered the kingdom legally, in full compliance with Saudi government regulations. Many of them paid hefty sums of money to manpower recruitment agencies in their home countries to secure legal employment visas, often assuming substantial debt or selling property to finance the cost. Once in the kingdom, they found themselves at the mercy of legal sponsors and de facto employers who had the power to impose oppressive working conditions on them, with effective government oversight clearly lacking. Unaware of their rights, or afraid to complain for fear of losing their jobs, the majority of these workers simply endured gross labor exploitation. To cite only a few examples, we interviewed migrant workers from Bangladesh who were forced to work ten to twelve hours a day, and sometimes throughout the night without overtime pay, repairing underground water pipes for the municipality of Tabuk. They were not paid salaries for the first two months and had to borrow money from compatriots to purchase food. An Indian migrant said that he was was paid $133 a month for working an average of sixteen hours daily in Ha'il. A migrant from the Philippines said that he worked sixteen to eighteen hours a day at a restaurant in Hofuf, leaving him so exhausted that, he told us, he "felt mentally retarded." The employer of a migrant from Bangladesh, who worked as a butcher in Dammam, forced him to leave the kingdom with six months of his salary unpaid. Women Migrant Workers Some women workers that we interviewed were still traumatized from rape and sexual abuse at the hands of Saudi male employers, and could not narrate their accounts without anger or tears. Accustomed to unrestricted freedom of movement in their home countries, these and other women described to us locked doors and gates in Riyadh, Jeddah, Medina, and Dammam that kept them virtual prisoners in workshops, private homes, and the dormitory-style housing that labor subcontracting companies provided to them. Living in forced confinement and extreme isolation made it difficult or impossible for these women to call for help, escape situations of exploitation and abuse, and seek legal redress. We learned that hundreds of low-paid Asian women who cleaned hospitals in Jeddah worked twelve-hour days, without food or a break, and were confined to locked dormitories during their time off. Skilled seamstresses from the Philippines told us that they were not permitted to leave the women's dress shop in Medina where they worked twelve-hour days, and were forbidden to speak more than a few words to customers and the Saudi owners. Many women employed as domestic workers in cities throughout the kingdom reported that they worked twelve hours or more daily. Most of them also lived in around-the-clock confinement, at the decision of their private employers, cut off from the outside world. One woman from the Philippines, whose employers in Dammamdid not provide her with sufficient food, described how she enlisted help from the family's Indian driver, to whom she was forbidden to speak. She told us that she wrote lists of what she needed and threw them out the window to the driver. He made the purchases, and "delivered" them to her by tossing the packages onto the roof of the house, where she retrieved them. Another Filipina, who also worked for a family in Dammam, said that she constantly watched the locked front gate of the house, waiting for an opportunity to escape after her male employer raped her in June 2003. Human Rights Abuses in the Criminal Justice System Some migrant workers experienced shocking treatment in Saudi Arabia's criminal justice system. For those migrants who were executed following unfair trials that lacked any form of transparency, it was their still-grieving families who provided us with pertinent information. In many cases, the condemned men did not know that they had been sentenced to death, and their embassies were only informed after the fact. "No advance information is given to us before beheading of Indians," an Indian diplomat said in a television interview in 2003. "We generally get the information after the execution from local newspapers." In cases of execution documented in this report, the bodies were not returned to the families, and relatives told Human Rights Watch that they received no official information about the location in Saudi Arabia of the mortal remains. An undetermined number of foreigners have been sentenced to death in the kingdom and are now awaiting execution. Details of their trials, and the evidence presented to convict them, are treated as closely held state secrets. Saudi Arabia continues to flaunt its treaty obligations under international and domestic law. Consular officials have not been notified promptly of the arrests of their nationals. Criminal suspects are not informed of their rights under the law. Interrogators from the ministry of interior torture suspects with impunity, behind the curtain of prolonged incommunicado detention, in the quest for confessions whose veracity is tenuous at best. Migrant workers told Human Rights Watch of how they were forced to sign confession statements that they could not read, under the threat of additional torture. A twenty-three-year-old Indian tailor described two days of beatings in police custody. On the third day, his interrogators gave him two pages handwritten in Arabic and instructed him to sign his name three times on each page. "I was so afraid that I did not dare ask what the papers were, or what was written on them," he said. Migrants' accounts of their trials before shari'a courts provide evidence of a legal system that is out of sync with internationally accepted norms of due process. No one we interviewed had access to legal assistance before their trials, and no legal representation when they appeared in the courtroom. One Indian migrant worker told us about a judge who repeatedly called him a liar when he answered questions during his trial. A worker from the Philippines, who was imprisoned for five years before he was brought before a court for the first time, described how a judge sentenced him to 350 lashes because his interrogators had extracted a false confession. The judge justified this corporal punishment because the coerced confession, obtained under threats and torture, was untrue. Interviews with women migrants in the women's prison in Riyadh indicated that most of them had not been informed of their rights, had no understanding of the legal basis for their arrest or the status of their cases, and had no access to lawyers or other forms of legal assistance. The Need for Government Action The stories narrated in this report underscore the pressing need for the government of Saudi Arabia to recognize that its laws and regulations facilitate the exploitation and abuse of vulnerable migrant workers, and reform its laws and practices accordingly. Some major recommendations are highlighted below, and a full range of recommendations, to Saudi government officials and actors in the international community, is presented in Chapter IX. One of the most tragic aspects of the situation is that many migrants silently accept the exploitation and deprivation of their rights because they view themselves as powerless and without effective remedy. These workers arrive in Saudi Arabia ignorant or only vaguely informed about the rights they have under existing Saudi law and the actions they can take when inequities and mistreatment occur. This is a problem that their own governments could address, in part, by way of substantive and effective education before these workers depart for the kingdom. But the government of Saudi Arabia has the primary responsibility to promote and protect the rights of the country's large migrant worker population in a much more aggressive and public manner, consistent with its obligations under international law. Authorities should provide a clear enumeration of the specific rights that migrant workers are entitled to enjoy under the kingdom's laws and regulations. They should spell out the specific legal duties of sponsors and employers, provide a comprehensive list of practices that are illegal, and offer detailed instructions about how and where migrant workers can report abuses. This information should be practical, not theoretical. It should draw on specific abuses that migrants are most likely to face, such as those described in this report, and provide authoritative comments and advice. The information should be translated into the languages of the countries of origin of migrant workers, and provided to every worker on his or her arrival in the kingdom as a routine matter of immigration practice. The government should also identify additional means to communicate this information to migrant communities throughout the kingdom as a further demonstration of its commitment to greater protection of their rights. Saudi authorities must also recognize that many migrant workers are simply too afraid to report abusive treatment for fear of alienating sponsors or de facto employers, inviting retaliatory punishment, and losing their jobs. Government officials must take steps to communicate directly with migrant workers in the kingdom – using all available means, including broadcast as well as print media – to provide assurances that no one will be rendered jobless and summarily deported for complaining about illegal practices and abusive working conditions. The Saudi government says that it plans to reduce the number of foreign workers by 50 percent over the next decade.1 This objective does not lessen the urgent need for the state to remedy the exploitation of migrant workers who are now in the kingdom and to end discriminatory practices that severely circumscribe their rights under Saudi law. Even if the government's planned downsizing is achieved within ten years, the kingdom will still be required under domestic and international law to protect the rights of those migrant workers who remain. If Saudi authorities do not take serious steps to address the patterns of abuse of migrant workers, the issue will continue to be a subject of investigation and scrutiny, on the agendas of international human rights organizations, nongovernmental migrant rights groups in countries of origin, and coalitions of women's rights and human rights organizations in the Muslim world and elsewhere. There is public sentiment in the kingdom, and elsewhere in the Gulf region, sympathetic to the plight of migrant workers. No less than the kingdom's highest Muslim religious authority, Grand Mufti Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al Sheikh, has already acknowledged that migrants suffer "exploitation and oppression."2 His comments, published in 2002 in the Saudi daily al-Madinah, included the observation that "Islam does not permit oppressing workers, regardless of religion ... .As we ask them to perform their duty, we must fulfill our duty and comply with the terms of the contract." The Grand Mufti criticized intimidation of migrant workers, and said that it was "illegal and a form of dishonesty" to withhold their salaries or delay payment of wages under threat of deportation. He counseled that Islam prohibits "blackmailing and threatening [foreign] laborers with deportation if they refuse the employers' terms which breach the contract." Another example comes from the neighboring island nation of Bahrain, where the Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR), a nongovernmental organization, is campaigning for greater protection of women domestic workers. A BCHR official in 2003 described these women as "the most abused of the workforce," and charged that the government was not doing enough "to break the chain of exploitation that binds them." The group urged civil society organizations in Bahrain, including women's rights groups, to take up the issue.3 Methodology The testimonies in this report were obtained from interviews with migrant workers in Bangladesh, India, and the Philippines who had returned from Saudi Arabia, some of them as recently as December 2003. Human Rights Watch was forced to research this subject from outside Saudi Arabia because, as of this writing, the kingdom remains closed to investigators from international human rights organizations. We selected Bangladesh, India, and the Philippines for field research for several reasons. First, the migrant workers from these three countries are among the largest expatriate communities in Saudi Arabia. In 2003, the Saudi government estimated that there were one million to 1.5 million Indians in the kingdom and the same number of Bangladeshis. The Philippines government reported in the same year that over 900,000 of its citizens lived and worked in the kingdom. Second, these countries provided the diversity that we sought among interviewees: the workers whose accounts appear in this report include Muslims from Bangladesh, Hindus and Muslims from India, and Christians and Muslims from the Philippines. We found migrants from Bangladesh the least educated; they typically were unskilled younger men from rural villages whose salaries in Saudi Arabia were the lowest we recorded. We interviewed Indian migrants in cities, towns, and rural agricultural villages of Kerala, the small southwestern state of about 33 million people located on India's Malabar coast between the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. The Keralite migrants generally had more schooling than their Bangladeshi counterparts and worked in a broader range of skilled and unskilled jobs. Migrants from the Philippines had the highest education levels, including women with some college education who earned $200 a month as domestic workers in the kingdom. Most of the Filipino male migrants whom we interviewed were skilled workers, ranging from mechanics to engineers, who commanded the highest comparative salaries. Despite this diverse mix of migrant workers, we documented surprisingly similar problems that cut across gender, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic lines, including a pattern of human rights abuse in the kingdom's criminal justice system. The subjects covered in this report make clear that comprehensive documentation of the conditions facing migrant workers in Saudi Arabia would be best served by conducting the research in the kingdom. In addition to the value of being able to speak directly with officials, sponsors, and employers, such research would allow us to meet with some of the thousands of migrant men and women in the kingdom's prisons and deportation centers whose stories need to be heard and told. An undetermined number of migrant workers have been sentenced to death and are awaiting execution. Independent human rights investigators should be permitted to talk to them about their interrogations and trials. There are also over thirty government labor offices throughout the kingdom where some workers file complaints against abusive employers, as well as "safe houses" where abused migrants are sheltered. In this report, we have changed the names of the migrant workers whom we interviewed, based on concern for their safety, should they decide to return to Saudi Arabia, and for the security of their relatives who were working in the kingdom at the time we conducted our interviews. The full names of these men and women are on file at Human Rights Watch. The only exception to this rule is cases of migrant workers who were executed or who have been sentenced to death. In such cases, their real names are provided. *** As of this writing, discussions were ongoing between Human Rights Watch and the Saudi government about access to the kingdom for the purpose of human rights research. We had access as an organization only once, in January 2003. During this visit, which was limited to two weeks, our representatives met in Riyadh with numerous senior government officials as well as Saudi lawyers, journalists, academics, other professionals, and members of the 120-member consultative council (majlis al-shura). But the terms of reference for this visit did not include field research. Without such access, Saudi Arabia remains on our list of closed countries for the purpose of human rights research. The alternative methodology used to prepare this report should indicate to the Saudi government that – despite the additional time and expense – Human Rights Watch is prepared to document human rights abuses, even if access to the kingdom is denied. Our strong preference, however, is to work in a more open and direct manner, with the active cooperation of the government. We hope that senior Saudi officials will see the merits of this approach and open the kingdom's doors to researchers from Human Rights Watch and other international human rights groups. Key Recommendations The most recent information from Saudi Arabia's ministry of labor indicates that expatriates in the kingdom total 8.8 million men and women, a significant number, given that the indigenous population is an estimated 18 million (see Chapter I). This report provides extensive documentation of the varieties of labor exploitation and human rights abuses that foreign workers face in the kingdom. The significant size of Saudi Arabia's expatriate population, and the serious nature of the problems that they often encounter, necessitate bold and innovative remedial actions from the government. The detailed recommendations of Human Rights Watch – to the government of Saudi Arabia, its various ministries, and other concerned international and regional parties – are presented in Chapter IX of the report. Among our key recommendations to the government of Saudi Arabia are the following: (1) Initiate an independent, thorough, and public national inquiry into the situation of migrant workers in the kingdom. Saudi authorities have never comprehensively and publicly assessed the realities that many migrant workers in the kingdom face. As a result, there is limited official and public awareness of the nature and scope of the problem. Accordingly, Human Rights Watch urges that His Royal Highness Crown Prince Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, First Deputy Prime Minister and Commander of the National Guard, should appoint an independent and impartial Royal Commission to investigate and report on the serious problems and abuses that migrant women and men in the kingdom face on a daily basis. As part of the commission's mandate, it should hold public hearings in all major cities throughout the kingdom. Migrant workers, and their families and advocates, should be invited to give testimony at these hearings, as should regional and international nongovernmental organizations with expertise on migrant workers issues and rights. The commission should be required by law to complete its inquiry within a defined period of time, and make its findings and recommendations public. (2) Take immediate action to inform all migrant workers in the kingdom of their rights under Saudi and international law. This report makes clear that large numbers of migrant workers are unaware of the rights that they have under existing law. Because such workers typically face language barriers and live in the kingdom for only a few years at a time, more concerted government efforts are necessary to inform them of their rights. Accordingly, we call on the government to promulgate by royal decree an enforceable "bill of rights" for migrant workers. It should be publicized widely in the kingdom, using print and broadcast media and other means of public outreach. The decree should be issued simultaneously in Arabic and all the languages of the countries of origin of the major migrant worker communities in the kingdom. This "bill of rights" should delineate, in a comprehensive and comprehensible manner, all the rights that are granted to migrant workers under the kingdom's laws and regulations. It should serve as a practical educational tool for workers and employers alike, and clarify legal and other ambiguities that lead to abusive treatment. (3) Impose significant penalties on Saudi employers and sponsors who exploit migrant workers and place them at risk. Pursuant to Saudi Arabia's international legal obligations, the use of forced or compulsory labor should be a specifically defined criminal offense under domestic law. In addition, substantial penalties should be imposed on employers who withhold the passports and residency permits of migrant workers, and those who charge illegal fees for official immigration documents. (4) Make domestic labor-law protections inclusive. One shortcoming that Saudi authorities should address urgently is the absence of legal protections for women and men employed in domestic service and agricultural work in the kingdom. Such individuals are excluded even from the flawed and limited labor protections currently in force under Saudi law. The protections of the kingdom's labor law should extend to all migrant workers, irrespective of their gender and job descriptions, however menial such jobs may be considered. (5) End the forced confinement of women migrant workers. The executive branch of government and consultative council (majlis al-shoura) should take immediate legislative steps to ensure that no migrant woman worker is held against her will at places of private or public employment and residence. Regulations to this effect should be promulgated as an urgent matter, and widely publicized to the Saudi public, using all print, broadcast, and other media. These regulations should impose substantial penalties on employers who continue the practice, and provide fair and equal compensation to the victims, commensurate with the length and severity of their confinement. (6) End the imprisonment of women and children for "illegal" pregnancies. End as an urgent matter the arrest and imprisonment of migrant and Saudi women and children who become pregnant voluntarily or because they were victims of sexual violence. Women and children currently in prison should be immediately released, and provided with social and other supportive services as required. (7) Address as an urgent matter the serious flaws in the kingdom's criminal justice system. The arrest and detention practices of the ministry of interior should be brought into immediate conformity withprovisions of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Anyone arrested as a criminal suspect in the kingdom should be informed of his or her rights under the kingdom's laws, including those set forth and guaranteed in the new criminal procedure code. This information should be provided orally and in writing, in languages that all suspects can understand. Effective judicial oversight of interior ministry personnel is urgently needed. Authorities should take immediate steps to ensure judicial supervision of the investigation of all criminal suspects, for the purpose of ending such practices as abusive interrogations, torture, and coerced confessions. Authorities should also make public detailed information about all persons, Saudi citizens and foreigners alike, who have been sentenced to death in the kingdom and are awaiting execution. The implementation of all death sentences should be suspended until it can be determined independently that the defendants were not tortured and their confessions were not coerced. A1 - Human Rights Watch,  Y1 - 2004/07/14/ KW - migrant workers KW - Migrant Workers KW - Migrant workers KW - Saudi Arabia KW - Exploitation UR - http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,HRW,,SAU,412ef32a4,0.html Y2 - 2013-03-28 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Gender and migration policies in Southeast and East Asia: Legal protection and sociocultural empowerment of unskilled migrant women IS - 2 N2 - This paper is concerned with how existing migration policies affect individual migrant women's choices, in particular, with the advancement, or consolidation, of a migrants' rights perspective. The focus is thereby on those migrants classified as unskilled, who constitute the largest and most vulnerable category among migrants. The analysis of migration policies has conventionally been approached from a state/government-centred viewpoint that sees states as the key actors. This paper, however, emphasises a larger number of actors-governmental and non-governmental-as well as the power relations among them to argue that protection through "legal regulation" in the absence of actual implementation is an incomplete solution to alleviate unfair labour conditions that migrants in general, and migrant women specifically, experience. Measures designed to "protect" migrants must be accompanied by measures that empower them, a role that has largely been taken on by existing migrant worker non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Focussing on intra-Asian migration flows in which Southeast Asia is the main labour sender and East Asia the receiver of Southeast Asian migrants, the paper explores the nexus between law and civic activism in the specific subject area of international labour migration and its gender implications. [References: 61] A1 - Piper, N. Y1 - 2004/// UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0129-7619.2004.00183.x/abstract Y2 - 2011-05-27 JA - Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography VL - 25 SP - 216 M2 - 216 SP - 216-231 ER - TY - THES T1 - Human rights and migrant domestic work: A comparative analysis of the socio-legal status of Filipina migrant domestic workers in Canada and Hong Kong CY - Canada PB - York University (Canada) N2 - On a general level, this research project concerns ways in which the domestic and international laws relating to the situation of migrant domestic workers (MDWs) are shaped by broader socio-political and economic factors. More specifically, this dissertation examines the human rights situation of Filipina MDWs who participate in Canada's Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP). It attempts to meet these objectives, in part, by undertaking a limited comparison of the situation of these Filipina MDWs and the Filipina MDWs in Hong Kong. The comparison is meant to further test and validate the arguments and proposals presented in this dissertation regarding the socio-legal status of Filipina MDWs under Canada's LCP. This was done through an analysis of existing data on Filipina MDWs, and a consideration of the ways in which the relevant laws and policies in these two jurisdictions affect, create and/or perpetrate the status quo in this area of social life. The main explanatory theoretical framework that is deployed is the Third World Approaches to International Law or the TWAIL theory. Among the findings of this research is that the ill-treatment of Filipina MDWs in Canada and Hong Kong is sanctioned by migrant domestic worker policies designed to fill the need for cheaper alternatives to state-sponsored childcare and home support services. The ill-treatment does not necessarily consist solely of physical or psychological abuse, but is also manifested in the systemic exploitation of MDWs from poor, third world countries. This systemic exploitation of MDWs from poor, third world countries such as the Philippines to richer countries of employment, is best explained by a colonial type of extractive relations, the various implications of which are most effectively analyzed using the TWAIL framework. Thus, the most appropriate remedies to ameliorate the current situation are those which take into careful consideration this extractive relationship and which are geared towards ensuring a more equitable international socio-economic and political scenario among countries of origin and countries of employment in particular and throughout the whole world in general. A1 - Santos, Maria Deanna P. Y1 - 2004/// T2 - Law SP - 260 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A Clean Bill of Health: Filipinas as Domestic Workers in Singapore IS - 1 N2 - This paper describes foreign domestic workers' (FDWs) vulnerability in Singapore. Due to the lack of regulatory laws mandating employers to pay health care costs & FDW ineligibility for national plans given their transient contract labor status, FDWs depend on employer generosity to provide for this need. Presently, the state's interest only includes particular aspects of FDW "health." The argument here is that the discourse of perceiving FDWs as sexual "bodies" & transmitters of other infectious diseases is a metaphor for how the state perceives them -- useful to Singapore for economic gains as long as they do not bring on costs. 3 Appendixes, 41 References. Adapted from the source document. A1 - Iyer, Avanti Y1 - 2004/// UR - http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16017342 Y2 - 2011-05-27 JA - Asian and Pacific Migration Journal VL - 13 SP - 11 M2 - 11 SP - 11-38 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - MAID OR MADAM? Filipina Migrant Workers and the Continuity of Domestic Labor IS - 2 PB - Sage Publications, Inc. N2 - This article examines the complexity of feminized domestic labor in the context of global migration. I view unpaid household labor and paid domestic work not as dichotomous categories but as structural continuities across the public and private spheres. Based on a qualitative study of Filipina migrant domestic workers in Taiwan, I demonstrate how women travel through the maid/madam boundary-- housewives in home countries become breadwinners by doing domestic work overseas, and foreign maids turn into foreign brides. While migrant women sell their domestic labor in the market, they remain burdened with gendered responsibilities in their own families. Their simultaneous occupancy of paid and unpaid domestic labor is segmented into distinct spatial settings. I underscore women's agency by presenting how they articulate their paid and unpaid domestic labor and bargain with the monetary and emotional value of their labor A1 - Lan, Pei-Chia Y1 - 2003/// KW - Domestic Workers KW - Philippine KW - Taiwan UR - http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp Y2 - 2013-04-20 JA - Gender and Society VL - 17 SP - 187 M2 - 187 SP - 187-208 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - In the shadows: live-in caregivers in Alberta, Changing Together... A1 - Spitzer, D. Y1 - 2002/// UR - http://www.sciencessociales.uottawa.ca/gms-gmh/eng/documents/InTheShadowsReport.pdf Y2 - 2011-05-27 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Home and the World: Domestic Service and International Networks of Caring Labor IS - 2 PB - Taylor & Francis, Ltd N2 - The employment of immigrant domestic worker in a valuable entry point for examining the construction of class and racial-ethnic differences among women in a global economy. It also reveals the complex ways that social reproduction, like production, is shaped by international connections and flows. This article draws on interviews with thirty-two immigrant domestic workers and twenty-nine employers of domestic workers in San Diego to examine the organization of caring labor in the two sets of households. The interview data show that employers of domestic workers rely on paid service workers to supply additional labor, while domestic workers rely on the unpaid labor of family members. Neither group relies primarily on government support, although differences in citizenship status influence the strategies of the two groups. The article draws o the interviews to make two related points. First, it argues that social production has come, in some places, to involve networks that cross international borders. Second, it argues that the interrelated strategies he two group so f women use to access caring labor are informed by and contribute to class and racial-ethnic differences among women and their households, and that citizenship is of particular important in constructing and solidifying these differences. A1 - Mattingly, Doreen J Y1 - 2001/// KW - Domestic Workers KW - immigration KW - net-works KW - San Diego KW - social reproduction KW - working women UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/3651266 Y2 - 2013-04-21 JA - Annals of the Association of American Geographers VL - 91 SP - 370 M2 - 370 SP - 370-386 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Caregivers Break the Silence :a participatory action research on the abuse and violence, including the impact of family separation, experienced by women in the live-in caregiver program A1 - Intercede,  Y1 - 2001/// UR - http://books.google.ca/books/about/Caregivers_Break_the_Silence.html?id=spHKHAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/caregivers-break-the-silence-a-participatory-action-research-on-the-abuse-and-violence-including-the-impact-of-family-separation-experienced-by-women-in-the-live-in-caregiver-program/oclc/048128563 Y2 - 2011-05-27 ER - TY - CPAPER T1 - Filippino Women's Identity: Social, Cultural and Economic Segregation in Canada CY - University of British Columbia A1 - Dioscon, C. Y1 - 2001/// UR - http://pwc.bc.tripod.com/resources/RaceGen/speech.html Y2 - 2011-05-27 T2 - Towards the Transformation of Race and Gender Conference ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Immigrant Workers: Learning to Labour in Canada: Rights and Organizing Strategies PB - Immigrant Workers’ Centre N2 - Researchers: Eric Shragge, (Project Leader) School of Community and Public Affairs, Concordia University Jill Hanley, Ph.D. candidate, Ecole de Service Social, Université de Montréal Steven Jordan, Faculty of Education, McGill University Elizabeth Wood, Faculty of Education, McGill University Research Partner: Immigrant Workers’ Centre, Tess Tessalona, Coordinator, Montreal Videotape Collaboration: Malcolm Guy, Multi Monde, Montreal Research Plan: This research project will begin with the work experience of recent immigrants to Canada, and explore their learning strategies to secure social and labour rights in the workplace. The partner organization is the Immigrant Workers’ Centre (IWC) in Montreal. Located in a multi-cultural neighbourhood, this centre was founded in 2000 in order to work toward supporting immigrant workers in their struggles to gain social and union rights. The underlying belief of the centre is that effective education and organizing work can most effectively take place in the neighbourhood. A1 - Hanley, Jill A1 - Jordan, Steve A1 - Shragge, Eric A1 - Wood, Elizabeth Y1 - 2000/// UR - http://www.wallnetwork.ca/research/Shragge5pager.pdf Y2 - 2014-03-27 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Strategizing Action Against Violence Against Women in the Filipino Community A1 - Philippine Women Centre - BC,  Y1 - 1999/// UR - http://pwc.bc.tripod.com/research.html UR - http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpi.library.yorku.ca%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F7871%2F7002&ei=r8xeUpP_NZHD4APMkoGwBw&usg=AFQjCNFNATrO8DZGy6zcszA2YjlZIjPmBw&sig2=mdFpYdW6h4HC3uJMhQdIdA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg Y2 - 2011-05-27 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Mémoire présenté à la ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l'immigration, Madame Lucienne Robillard PB - AAFQ A1 - Association des aides familiales du Québec,  Y1 - 1998/// UR - http://bv.cdeacf.ca/CF_PDF/1999_09_0135.pdf Y2 - 2011-05-27 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Uneven gains: Filipina Domestic Workers in Canada CY - Ottawa PB - North-South Institute A1 - Grandea, Nona Y1 - 1996/// UR - http://books.google.com/books/about/Uneven_gains.html?id=9SBYAAAAYAAJ Y2 - 2011-08-17 T3 - Philippines-Canada Human Resources Development Program ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Female Asian Migrants: A Growing but Increasly Vulnerable Workforce/TRABAJADORAS MIGRANTES DE ASIA: CADA VEZ MAS NUMEROSAS Y MAS VULNERABLES PB - ILO A1 - International Labour Organization,  Y1 - 1996/// UR - http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/media-centre/press-releases/WCMS_008072/lang--en/index.htm Y2 - 2011-05-27 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The Work of strangers : a survey of international labour migration N1 - Peter Stalker. CY - Geneva PB - ILO N2 - This book concentrates on the movement of people. Around 80 million people now live in foreign lands (not counting the former Soviet Union and ex-Yugoslavia). And their numbers are rising steadily. One million people emigrate permanently each year, while another million seek political asylum. Added to these are 18 million refugees, driven from their homelands by natural disaster or in the hunt for political asylum. [...] The statistics may not be very precise, but recent trends in international migration have been causing increasing alarm in industrialized countries. The waves of asylum seekers from developing countries, and the potential flood of economic migrants from East to West have stirred up primitive fears. Xenophobia and racism are on the increase, and opportunist politicians have taken the opportunity to redirect popular discontent to immigrant communities. A1 - Stalker, Peter Y1 - 1994/// UR - http://books.google.ca/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=JNXElTfvykIC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=The+Work+of+strangers+:+a+survey+of+international+labour+migration&ots=V2osE0Hxqh&sig=NR8yjPZPgjFr3Xf7tWBcgCiRdro#v=onepage&q&f=false Y2 - 2011-08-04 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Les domestiques immigrantes au Canada CY - Ottawa PB - Société historique du Canada A1 - Barber, Marilyn Y1 - 1991/// UR - http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/300/cha-shc/groupes_ethniques_du_canada/E-16_fr.pdf Y2 - 2011-08-04 ER -